Python in a Nutshell, Second Edition (In a Nutshell (O'Reilly))

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36 Reviews

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This is a great book, without question. The question is whether it is worth the price, given the free online HTML reference documentation.

Pros:
+ Very good index; somewhat better than the online index.
+ Helpful explanations.
+ Some examples.
+ Much more advice than the online docs.
+ Very nice typesetting.

Cons (1st edition):
- Does not cover some of the most useful (new) modules: timeit, logging, zipimport, itertools, sets, sum, heapq.
- In particular, I would love to have ADVICE on how to use logging effectively.
- DOES cover the dead (insecure) modules rexec and Bastion.

So take your own decision. Personally, I would say it's not essential, but still worth the price. I go back and forth between the online index and this book.

Addendum:

The 2nd edition covers most of Python2.5. (The 1st covered 2.2 and much of 2.3). It includes most useful modules and excludes the deprecated ones, so it actually adds much more info than its slight increase in page-count would indicate. The only thing I was not able to find was 'meta_path', which is at least mentioned as highly technical.

In general, the 2nd edition is for a more expert user than the 1st. The explanations sometimes include some dense code:

* There is a long example of using meta-classes.
* The explanation of the new try/except/finally assumes that you understand the old (broken) behavior.
* The 'with' statement is explained by way of an equivalent fragment of code.

These changes make the 2nd edition ideal for the practicing Python programmer. However, a novice might be intimidated.

I would now increase the rating to 5 stars if I could. Excellent reference work!

Python in a Nutshell, by Alex Martelli, 2003 O'Reilly, 636 pages.

Perhaps the best book about Python ever written, this book is the perfect capstone to anyone's library of Pythonic books, and also the perfect introduction to Python for anyone well versed in other programming languages. For newbies to programming, this would still be a good second book after a good introductory book on Python, such as Learning Python by Mark Lutz.

Written by my favorite author and Pythonista, Alex Martelli, this book manages to fill three roles in extremely pleasing fashion. First and foremost to me, it is a great read, straight through. Mr. Martelli's prose is always sparkling and always keeps the reader interested. No matter how many Python books you have read, you will learn some nuances from this book, and it is about the best review of the whole Pythonic subject matter that I can imagine. While there is absolutely no fluff whatsoever in these 636 pages, it still makes for rather easy reading because the explanations are so clearly thought out and explored as to lead one gently to understanding, without in any way being verbose. It is obvious that Alex Martelli took his time and put in sufficient thought, effort, and intellectual elbow-grease to make this work a classic for all time.

Secondly, this book is the ultimate Pythonic reference book, the best fit to this role I have yet seen. You will keep this book in the most cherished spot on your book shelf, or else right at your side on your computer desk, because you can almost instantly find any topic on which you need to brush up, in the midst of a programminng project.

Third, Python in a Nutshell is the most up-to-date book on Python (as of April 2003) and includes the best and most complete expositions yet on the new features introduced in Python 2.2 and 2.3. These topics are not only covered in depth, they are integrated into the text in their proper positions and relationships to the language as a whole. They are explained better here than I have seen anywhere else, so much so as to make them not only understandable to me (a duffer), but indeed so that they appear seamlessly Pythonic, as if they had been a part of the language since version 1.0. Topics explored in depth include new style classes, static methods, class methods, nested scopes, iterators, generators, and new style division. List comprehensions are made not only comprehesible but indeed intuitive.

The book is surprisingly complete. It covers the core language as well as the most popular libraries and extension modules. It is difficult to choose any one portion of the book to highlight for extra praise, as all topics are treated so well. It is a complete book, the new definitive book about Python.

Everything about this book speaks of quality. In addition to the top notch writing and editing, O'Reilly really did the right thing and published this book printed on the highest quality paper, paper so thin that the 636 pages are encompassed in a book much thinner than one would expect for such a size, but strong enough to resist wear and tear. The text is most pleasing to the eye. Holding the book, and turning its pages, gives one a feeling of satisfaction.

Any job worth doing is worth doing well. Alex Martelli and O'Reilly have done justice to a topic dear to our hearts, the Python programming language. Perhaps, in years to come, the passing time may make this book be no longer the most up-to-date reference on the newest features added to Python. But time can not erase the quality craftsmanship and the shear joy of reading such a well thought out masterpiece of Pythonic literature.

Ron Stephens

Let me begin this review with a fair warning: this book is NOT for fresh programmers, hobbyists, system admins and other non-professional programmers out there, looking for a book that will actually help them LEARN Python language (even if the book has 4+ stars, it's still the O'Reilly Nutshell book).
(Btw. I know that, because I fit in all previously mentioned categories :-).
This book is (as title suggest) a QUICK reference of the Python language written by very competent author, I have no second thought about that, for already competent Python programmers that need good reference manual at hand.
I dare to say, that terse writing style, lack of examples and hard to follow explanations on some topics (without clear and simple code examples) will put off most of the new or intermediate programmers.
In my humble opinion this book is short for 200+ pages dedicated exclusively to code samples - I think examples in any reference book are as important as syntax and language explanations.
If you're already experienced programmer then you'll be more than satisfied with this book, just go ahead an click the button. If you're, on the other hand, starting to learn Python and need a good learning guide, I would recommend, that you begin with the book "Learning Python, 2 Edition" from O'Reilly.

I bought this book at the PyCon 2003 Python conference mainly to complete my Python book collection. I thought that since it was a Nutshell book and I already knew a ton about Python (I am an official developer on the language) that I wouldn't really pick up that much.

I was wrong. Not only did I learn some new things, but Alex's wonderful way of presenting ideas helped clarify and present a different view of some vital concepts in Python that made them even easier to grasp than I had originally thought. There is a reason why he is called the Martellibot on comp.lang.python and the python-dev mailing list.

I also have a friend who is a programmer who has read the first chapter or so of the book and has also found it a great way to learn Python.

So whether you are a hardened Python programmer or just starting out (as long as you can already program), this book is definitely worth the money. And the Python Cookbook makes a great companion book to this to pick up a few tricks and get even more example code to learn from (especially from my contributed recipes to the book =).

First, one caveat: before reading this book, get a feeling for Python from the official tutorial, and some of the excellent tutorials and book available online (e.g., parts of "Dive into Python"). The greater the experience you have with other languages, the shorter the warm-up period. Then, buy this book. The chapters on the language description and OOP are models of clarity and brevity, in any book/reference and any language. All the other chapters are extremely useful too. This book complements perfectly the official library and language references, and covers almost everything you will ever need. It truly is the ideal reference book, and an incredible value for the money. I just hope that Alex Martelli will keep future editions below 700 pages while adding material on other GUI frameworks and PyPy.

Python in a nutshell is an excellent reference for the experienced Python programmer. Alex Martelli does a wonderful job focusing on the book's goal of being a concise reference to important select portions of the Python language. His coverage of complex topics is a well balanced blend of written explanation and code examples. The book will be too advanced for newcomers to Python as well as beginning programmers, but for those looking to polish their Python skills this book is a real gem.

Like the other Nutshell books from O'Reilly, Python in a Nutshell is valuable as a desk reference. It has an excellent index that makes finding topics easy. Experienced programmers will appreciate the lack of "fluff" as each topic is explained efficiently. Martelli goes into detail where it is needed most. For example the coverage of Python's exception mechanisms is quite thorough and includes an insightful section on error-checking strategies. However, the coverage of some topics may be considered too cursory. I will need to search for more on Python's struct module as the roughly 2 pages on module struct, without any examples, left me wondering just how and why I'd need this module. This was the exception, rather than the rule, though. Martelli doesn't try to cover too much in this book and topics deemed too remedial or too tangential are noted by references to further reading. This is why I consider Python in a Nutshell to be an excellent reference while designing and coding.

Alex Martelli's writing style reflects what must be a very deep knowledge of the Python language. I get the feeling he knows Python at the most basic level which is reflected in his concise explanation of topics. Code examples are used sparingly throughout the book, mostly when including them enhances or augments the topic's explanation. I found the book filled with Pythonic gems: knowledgeable reflections on why one idiom is better implemented one way than another way. I found the section on Optimization especially enlightening. It contains Python specific optimization techniques I've not seen in other Python books, like why there are big-O performance gains achieved by avoiding string concatenation in preference to list operations or using operator % for string formatting. In general I was left feeling like I had a glimpse of how Python programming *should* be done.

The preface of the book includes an explanation that the book is meant for those with prior Python experience and/or experience developing in other languages. There is little coverage of the Python basics, except for the first few chapters which will help bring the reader up to speed quickly. I found the lack of review of the basics a refreshing diversion from the remedial-first-section-with-huge-code-listings pattern found in so many other programming books. Alex Martelli is so good at explaining how and why Python works the way it does that profuse code examples would be a distraction anyway. However, I think I've been collecting Python 'how' and 'why' questions for years now and was ready to have those questions answered. A newcomer to the language might not be as primed as I was and therefore might not appreciate Alex Martelli's obvious Python Zen. I expect to keep Python in a nutshell close at hand during all stages of development with Python. Alex Martelli has created an excellent reference that doesn't try to do too much but does achieve the goal of covering the most important parts of Python. Like Python in general, Martelli's writing style is concise, clear and readable. His book includes an insider's explanations of how best to program with Python. This book is a valuable reference for experienced programmers ready to take their Python skills to the next level.

I bought this book after working through Learning Python by Lutz and Ascher, and reading sections of other books. It is now my #1 reference. The examples are few, but well chosen to do more than just demonstrate the language. They can show you why a particular syntax or technique is needed. Often I waste a lot of time learning something I don't really need, like lambda functions. By the time I have figured out that lambda functions are not some elegant new concept, just an awkward piece of syntax to do something simple, I've already spent too much time. Alternatively, I decide that something like metaclasses are a waste, and miss something really elegant and useful. Martelli's four pages on metaclasses capture better than anything I've read on the subject, exactly what metaclasses are good for and how they work.

I think the dynamite combo for someone learning Python is both the Nutshell and the Learning book. I would read the Nutshell chapter first ( assuming you have a little background in programming ) then work problems in Learning Python until you are comfortable. Then re-read Nutshell, highlighting the key points you might need to re-learn in the midst of a rush project. Python in a nutshell is the best distillation of Python wisdom I have seen anywhere.

I've made a complete switch to Python from Perl, and this book has been a very, very helpful resource in doing so. I have owned several other O'Reilly's Nutshell books (C++, Linux, Perl, and Java) but never found them as useful as Python in a Nutshell.

Sure, Python does have a rather decent online documentation, which is free, but I often find it hard to find the exact information I want even using the index. Not the case with this Nutshell book; it covers the ground that you definitely need to know to get started early and do useful work immediately. Writing is very lucid, too.

I only give four stars just because I didn't necessarily like the section on object-oriented coding basics. I found Learning Python to be easier to understand in that regard.

This is not the best book if you are a programming beginner, but if you are trying to add Python to your programming arsenal knowning other languages already, I highly recommend this book as your handy companion.

I have to admit, when I got this book I intended to use it as a learning guide (even though he tells you that's not what this book is about). I struggled, but got through it. I then went and read additional documentation (online, available freely) just to help me get comfortable.

Now, I use it as my only reference guide. Once you have the basics, it clearly explains other topics that you may not be as familiar with. But you get it, b/c Python is so well structured. I would highly recommend this book if you are looking for a resource. If you are new to Python and have no other experience programming, this may not be the book for you...but after you learn the language, I'm sure you would still find it useful.

Four days ago, I had 10 years C++ experience and had never written a line of Python code. Today I am more productive in Python than I ever was in C++. I am not exaggerating. This book is largely responsible for my rapid ascent to proficiency.

All the glowing reviews are accurate. This book is well organized, well written, detailed, and easy to read. A true gem.

I highly recommend it.

I keep coming back to this book, either to clarify what other books needlessly complicate or simply don't include. As a nutshell book, I would say it is more of a fairly comprehensive reference. Its discussion and explanation of python elements, which tend to make it more of a comprehensive manual and less of a nutshell are very much appreciated. The book's well thought out layout and well self-sustained sections allow you to actually sit down and read this book to learn from and not just use as a passing reference from time to time. I pair this book with Beazley's Python, Essential Reference, which I think actually takes more of a 'nutshell spirit of presentation'. Between the two, they are my most often go-to books while in the coding process.

This is the best technical book I've ever seen. Beautifully presented and organized by a clear thinker, it has absolutely no filler. Martelli avoids the annoying witticisms and lame analogies which plague many computer books. Practically every topic of interest is covered, elegantly and concisely: this book teaches more in 10 pages than most books do in 50. Martelli nearly always provides additional references for more detail. This book is for those who either know Python already or are experienced programmers. I was able to learn the core language, advanced topics, and many libraries from this book. I should also mention that the Python is more enjoyable to use and more productive than any language I've ever used. The Python Cookbook, co-edited by Martelli, is also very good.

Python in a Nutshell is a excellent reference book, all python programmer must have one in the desk.
The online documentation for the python language is good, but some times is difficult to search for a feature of the language, in this book is easy to find anything about python.
This book complements perfectly the official library and language references, and covers almost everything you will ever need.

I Learn python with this book, but i only recommend the book for people with knowledge of other programming language, if you are new in programming and wants to learn python this book is not good for you (try Learning python by David Ascher and Mark Lutz), if you already have programming skills this is the perfect book for learn python.

The author explain the language in a very simple way with good examples, and don't wast time explaining the basics of programming, the book starts with a introduction to the python language, in chapter 2 the author explain the installation of various python interpreters, from chapter 4 to 9 the author explain the core of the python language, in the rest of the book the author cover the python library and extensions modules, network and web programming with python and in the last section the author talk about the various ways of embedding and extending the python language, in my opinion the book is well written and very easy to read.

I highly recommend Python in a Nutshell, for all programmers who wants to start coding in python, and for all python programmers as a language reference.

Alex Martelli reveals his teaching experience and deep knowledge of Python with this highly readable, information rich book.

Compared to other python books, it has more thorough coverage, more instructive examples, and is the most up-to-date.

While intended as a desktop reference, the book is highly instructive and can be read straight-through. Each section contains both reference material and text packed with core concepts, examples, rules-of-thumb, and practical advice.

Rather than duplicate existing documentation, the author has been highly selective and guides you to the most important parts of CPython, Jython, and third-party extensions. Without this book, expert assistance would be needed to effectively select the best python toolsets.

For people with older Python books, this one will best bring you up to speed with Python 2.2 and beyond. It offers the clearest treatment of new-style classes, generators, the email module, unittests, doctests and XML tools.

This first edition is probably not where you want to invest your dollars. The second edition (ISBN 0596100469 ) is projected to be out this month (July 2006) and will cover not only 2.4 but 2.5.

Martelli has been so comprehensive and comprehensible in the past, that you'll probably want to get his SECOND edition if you're serious about Python.

I expected this to be as comprehensive as the Java in a Nutshell books (i.e., to cover all standard modules/functions). But the first time I crack the cover I can't even find 'signal' in the index. Sure enough, there's no coverage at all of this utterly standard topic. I had to look in Dave Beazley's book to get the info (there's a standard 'signal' module that's been in since at least python 2.0).

It seems like a crime for a reference book to be 600+ pages long and not get around to at least listing all the standard modules in the language.

All told, I really liked Python In a Nutshell. I've programmed primarily in Java and C over the past 8 years, so that's my bias. I have wanted something a little more high level than Java. I got chills when I realized that I didn't have to write another "Iterator iter = list.iterator(); while (iter.hasNext()) { Item item = (Item) iter.next(); item.doThis(); }" loop! How about "for item in list: item.doThis()"?

This book took me about two weeks to digest while reading it on the bus before and after work. The information was presented clearly enough to allow me to write production scripts directly after finishing chapters 1-9.

The core of the Python language is described in chapters 4-9. This includes a discussion about basic types and syntax, object-oriented syntax, exceptions, Python modules, and strings (including basic regular expressions). I liked learning about Jython, but the chapter (chapter 25) that introduces Jython doesn't go as far as I would have liked. I would have expected at least a description of how types map between Java and Python.

The rest of the book is a general reference about the many modules that exist for use to do about anything you want. These API references are well-organized and very accessible. The index is excellent (esp. for the first chapters - helpful for people new to Python, like me).

Nutshell is rather dry reading and provides very little of the usual user-friendly introductions to language features by solving simple problems.

Doesn't sound like that much of an endorsement, does it?

Nevertheless, of my 6 or 7 Python books, (2 or 3 are generalist, rather than specialized), this is the only one I use regularly after 9 yrs of using Python.

What Python in a Nutshell is really good at is showing you exactly what Python is capable of doing, feature by feature, in a thoroughly Pythonic way for the feature. With code and exact implication. For example, I know Python well but I am kinda lacking in metaclass comprehension. If I were to write some non-trivial meta-classes I would surely have its 3 or 4 pages open on my desk as I write code and skim through other internet postings. Those 3-4 pages have kinda made my brain shrivel every time I've looked at them, but they are the clearest overview I've seen of what is probably one of the hardest Python features to understand.

For normal, easy-to-understand Python, Nutshell really dissects the languages with new insight. The information is dense, because each word has its place and there is very little filler. That's why skimming it does not work for me, I just don't have the requisite sustained attention span.

Online docs? Again, this aims to distill Python's deeper implications. You won't find that in the basic online docs. You may find some equivalent, or perhaps better, explanations of specific features, say Python meta-classes, online by looking around in blogs and articles. But you will have to look around for a long while and you will likely encounter a bunch of less informative, or perhaps erroneous, stuff along the way.

Python has a very easy learning curve, but it also has a whole lot of layers if you want to use it in the most efficient/natural manner. This is the book you want to help you dig. The surface, introductory aspects of Python are not well served by this book. Normal reference books are already not ideal for learning languages/systems, but its nature makes Nutshell an even worse choice. In fact, unlike some other reviewers, I would not at all recommend getting it to get acquainted with Python, unless you truly are a gifted programmer.

Minor criticisms:

The index could be improved a bit. For example, built-in functions are not listed directly: even an experienced coder might not know to look for 'getattr' or 'zip' under builtins. 2nd edition: the logging module's coverage is a bit trivial/weak, as was that of decorators. Both are subjects that would have greatly benefited from more of Alex's insights.

All what you would expect from the title : very complete even if not exhaustive coverage of the language and its main libraries, excellent explanations...
Not good as an introduction to the language unless you're already familiar with various programming language, but the ultimate reference to keep under your pillow

I got this book looking to learn Python, and for that it's useless.

I don't really see a point for the book, the author basically says "if you want to learn python then you need another book", this book is just something to refresh your memory from time to time for once you know Python. Though personally I wanted a book which taught me Python, and then I'd use THAT as the 'something to refresh your memory'.

But now I'm stuck with a book which bypasses everything that teaches you the basic syntax of Python, I have no way of learning it with this book, it goes into the more complicated code examples and leaves out simple stuff like how to do IF statements etc.

Unless you know Python well already, don't buy this book, it isn't for the beginner.

Out of all the books I have read on Python, I keep referring back to Python in a Nutshell.

I have only been using with Python for a 5-6 months at this point, and this book helps me to better understand the concepts I am trying to learn. Not only is it great reference book on Python, but it is also one of the better-written Nutshell books that I've read. A great contribution to the Python community !

The author Alex Martelli is Uber Technical Lead at Google, Inc. Martelli holds a laurea in Ingegneria Elettronica from Bologna University. He wrote Python in a Nutshell two editions, and also co-edited the Python Cookbook. He's a member of the Python Software Foundation, and won the 2002 Activators' Choice Award. Martelli spent 8 years with IBM Research, earning three Outstanding Technical Achievement Awards, and on.

The book is a great reference and full of insights and good programming techniques. It moves pretty fast to make a good introductory book, but once one has a reasonable understanding of Python fundamentals, anyone wishing to advance their understanding and application of the language can benefit from Python in a Nutshell.

I found that this book has been able to cover every thing from fundamentals of the Python language to a comprehensive description of some of the more esoteric newer language features and at the same time address many of the applications of the language. The presentation style is clear and very readable with concise examples, and not full of extraneous fluff. The subjects are well laid out beginning with a swift comprehensive introduction to the language, and a good description of the basic elements including classes, methods exceptions, modules, decorators and built-ins. There are sections on the Python library and extension modules, Network and web programming including some discussion of some of the existing python web frame works and socket programming. There is material on extending and embedding Python and alternate ways to extend python beyond c-extensions. The book was released just prior to the final release of Python 2.5, but there is considerable material covering most if not all of the latest 2.5 features such as the with statement.

I have found Python in a nutshell 2nd edition a valuable learning tool and reference resource and would recommend it for anyone interested in using Python to its fullest.


Reviewed by Max Slimmer user and proponent of Python since release 1.3.

Having been a programmer for 20 years and knowing several languages, I didn't want an introductory text on Python. I needed something that dove right in and told me what this language could do. This is the book that I used to really learn Python. The others are collecting dust. My only beef is that he avoided a discussion of using ZODB for object persistence.

I have four python books, and this is the best of them!
-- It's comprehensive, and even covers new style classes.
-- It's well written, and seems to have very few mistakes.

Any python user should buy this book!

P.S. Thanks to all that use and support open-source
technologies like Python ...

Alex Martelli's PYTHON IN A NUTSHELL: A DESKTOP QUICK REFERENCE offers Python programmers one-stop reference shopping for any quick consultation. Project details blend a quick tutorial on syntax and explanations of Python programming basics with coverage of exceptions, modules, strings and more for all Python's built-ins and key functions. A fine quick reference which should be on every Python programmer's desk.

For someone who knows other programming languages this is a great book to quickly get a feel for the language and to start trying it out. The book only covers up to Python 2.2 while the current standard is up to 2.4.2, so there are a few things that are a little different. However, I have found that the differences are not major and can be supplemented by the python help system (normally installed on your system along with the interpreter).

I also use this book extensively as a reference, especially for all the associated libraries.

I admit I had a hard time getting started with this book but found it to be quite interesting.

A really great book, I'm proud that the author is an Italian :o)

If you do any Python development, this is a great book.

It provides everything you need to know about Python development.

The authors write in a clear organized manner, and take the same amount of time to describe what other books take 1000 pages to do.

The documentation that comes with Python leaves a lot to be desired. Try understanding and using internationalisation, for example. Any help that comes along will be welcome, especially in the form of examples.
Alex Martelli really knows his stuff and it's very convenient to have the information by your side in this format, so even if it's a little condensed at times I would recommend this book as well as Python Cookbook, for advanced examples.
I do wish that Python 2.1 Bible would come out in a new edition: it was fantastic for basic sample code.

'Python In A Nutshell' is one of those de facto standard O'Reilly books that is required reading/owning for anyone that develops in said language. In this case it's the long time popular scripting language Python. Originally released in 1991, this language has grown and expanded into the juggernaut it is today. With around 700 pages of material, this book will show you the ins and outs of everything yummy that Python can do. From the basics of talking about to define variables and create conditional statements to object oriented programming, you are going to quickly see why Python is popular and USABLE.

This book goes further than just a teaching book and/or just a language reference. It's meant to bridge both necessities as you learn to progam in Python or want to improve your existing skillset. With this book you will achieve all your Python goalssssssssssssssssssssss (pathetic snake joke attempt here)

***** HIGHLY RECOMMENDED

This is simply the best reference book for Python.

As a reference book it not suitable for learning Python from scratch, even if there is a not-so-short introduction to the basic language features. The book is well organized and informations can be found quickly.

The only con is a bad index. It is really complete, but sub-topics are organized as a tree without any graphical feedback of the current indentation level, and often you do not understand wich topic they belong to.

The 2nd edition of the book was published on July 14, 2006 and is obviously highly recommended: Python in a Nutshell (In a Nutshell (O'Reilly))

This book is a great help in my everyday work. It is well written and full of detailed and clear explanations. I use it as a reference book to check out on the fly some details, but I recommend to read it also in an ordered manner, from the first page to the last. You will find clear and detailed explanations, and many suggestions to improve your code. The book is obviously technical, but not dry.
One could be tempted to think that a book like this one is not much useful, given the wealth of information freely available on the net (and the many useful posts by Alex Martelli himself). I find that this is not so: it is much less distracting searching something on this book than browsing the web, and the information is greatly structured.
In other words, my programs are better, my productivity has increased and I enjoy aspects of the python language which I didn't know enough before.

Well organized comprehensive desk reference. Can serve as an introduction to Python for a reader willing to do some heavy lifting.

Never got the 1st ed. so I got the 2nd ed. as soon as it came out last month (yes, I've been waiting for it :-D). I have to say I am not a Python expert but have been using C and other programming languages for years. I was looking for a book which can help me learn Python and also can be used as a reference. Now I am very happy I found it and it reaches my expectation. It's a solid book with 690+ pages full of everything I need to know about Python. Highly recommended !

I have four python books, and this is the best of them!
-- It's comprehensive, and even covers new style classes.
-- It's well written, and seems to have very few mistakes.

Any python user should by this book!

P.S. Thanks to all that use and support open-source
technologies like Python ...